I’m assuming a few things in this question.  This is stroke play, you played the provisional ball before going forward to search for your ball and your ball was not found in the 5 minutes allowed by the Rules because your fellow competitor played your ball.  If both you and your fellow competitor played from the next teeing ground, your fellow competitor is disqualified for playing a wrong ball and not correcting it.  You are not disqualified because you played in accordance with the Rules.  Your ball was lost, not found in the 5 minute search period and you then played your provisional ball.  You can refer to Decision 27/6 for a more detailed explanation and I would hesitate playing golf with that particular person until they get their eyes checked.  At the very least she owes you lunch.

If the grass growing in the bunker are weeds you need to get a hold of the golf course superintendent first to get that stuff removed.  However if the grass growing in the bunker is by design, the margins of a bunker extend vertically downward but not upward so a ball within the outer margins of a bunker but lying on grass growing in the bunker does not lie in the bunker.  Therefore, the player may ground her club on the grass or the sand without penalty.  She may also move loose impediments in the bunker without penalty.  Keep in mind, if any part of the ball is touching the sand, the ball lies in the bunker.

Angel Cabrera finished out in both the final round and the playoff.  However, in a playoff, if Player A lies 3 and has a short putt for 4 and Player B makes a putt for a 3 to win the playoff, Player A is not required to hole out.

When there is damage to a hole, try to remember these three steps and you’ll always get it right under the Rules. 
Step 1 – Is the damage a ball mark?  If yes, fix it and it’s over.  If it’s not a ball mark, go to the next step.
Step 2 – Does the damage materially change the dimensions of the hole?  If no, play without fixing the damage.  It would be a sign of good etiquette to fix the damage once all have finished the hole.  If yes, go to the next step.
Step 3 – Is a member of the committee readily available?  If yes, ask them to fix the damage.  If not, you may fix the damage. 
You will find a detailed explanation of these three steps in Decision 16-1a/6.  In the example you cited, unless the damage to the hole was significant, you would probably have to play without being able to fix the damage.  By all means, please fix the damage after all in your group have finished the hole.

My first question; where is Player B when Player A is lining up Player B’s ball?  She should be questioning why she sees only one ball on the green.  Regardless, golf is a simple game.  Once you have holed out, there is very little you can do to change that.  The answer is found in the Decisions on the Rules of Golf, Decision 1-1/4:  A.Since the play of the hole was completed when the original ball was holed (Rule 1-1), the player was not in breach of Rule 15-3 for subsequently playing a wrong ball.

The total score is 6.  There is no penalty for moving your ball on the green when you move a loose impediment.  There is no problem for marking your ball and not cleaning it.  Accidentally kicking your ball is a one stroke penalty and you must replace it.  Marking your ball a second time and now cleaning it is not a violation.  Once your ball overhangs the lip of the hole, a player has a reasonable amount of time to arrive at the hole plus an addition ten seconds.  If the ball subsequently falls in the hole, it counts and an additional penalty stroke is added.  So one stroke and two penalty strokes after the player already had played 3 to the green makes a total of 6 for the hole.

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If you had not addressed the ball and done nothing to cause it to move, you should have continued to play the ball from its new position without penalty.